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Strategies for the Utilisation of Secondary Animal Products in the Sutlej–Yamuna Divide, 3200–1200 BCE: An Ethnoarchaeological Perspective | ||
| Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies | ||
| مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 29 آذر 1405 اصل مقاله (1.59 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Research Article | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22111/ijas.2026.54003.1383 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Vikas Rana* ؛ Paru Bal Sidhu | ||
| Department of Ancient Indian History Culture and Archaeology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| This paper examines the possible use of animal secondary products in the subsistence economy of the Sutlej–Yamuna Divide, focusing on transport, agricultural labour, dairying, and wool production. In animal husbandry, secondary products are those obtained from living animals without killing them, including traction, milk, and wool. These products may have helped past societies to produce surpluses and to use animals as renewable sources of energy and materials, making them important for reconstructing subsistence strategies. The study analyses published zooarchaeological data together with artefactual and ethnoarchaeological evidence from the Divide. It combines faunal datasets with plough and yoke models, toy cart frames and wheels reported in excavation reports, and field observations of ploughing, carting, dairying, and sheep and goat herding among present-day communities in the same landscape. These observations serve only as comparisons, not as direct evidence of the past. Cattle (Bos indicus) and water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) receive particular attention because, as large bovids, they were better suited than sheep and goats for traction and heavy work. Horses are absent from Early and Mature Harappan assemblages and appear only in small numbers in Late Harappan and Painted Grey Ware contexts. The evidence is indirect, and its strength varies by activity. Cattle dominate the faunal record throughout the period, and the evidence is consistent with their use for traction and transport. Dairying is possible, probably at a small scale. Wool use is plausible but is the least securely supported. The findings are presented as possibilities supported by converging lines of evidence. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| Secondary Products Revolution؛ Zooarchaeology؛ Sutlej؛ Yamuna؛ Harappan؛ Protohistoric Culture | ||
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