Plan, Form and Function of a “Fortified” Site in the Iranian Sistan of Post-Achaemenid and possibly Parthian Period

Genito, Bruno

doi:10.22111/ijas.2021.6734

شماره های تماس اداره نشریات و مجلات علمی دانشگاه

نام مجله پژوهش های تاریخی به پژوهش های تاریخی ایران و اسلام تغییر یافت.

تعداد نشریات	31
تعداد شماره‌ها	712
تعداد مقالات	6,941
تعداد مشاهده مقاله	11,411,612
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله	7,790,800

	Plan, Form and Function of a “Fortified” Site in the Iranian Sistan of Post-Achaemenid and possibly Parthian Period
Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies
دوره 11، شماره 2، 2021، صفحه 1-19 اصل مقاله (5.37 M)
نوع مقاله: Research Article
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22111/ijas.2021.6734
نویسنده
Bruno Genito
Department of Asia, Africa, Mediterranean. University of Napoli.Italy. ISMEO- International Association for Mediterranean and Oriental Studies, Rome, Italy.
چکیده
As it is well known, the tradition of studies on the post-Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods in general, and on the Iranian Plateau in particular, has always maintained that in that period the urbanization processes of the territory were given a great boost. This was true for both the large quantity of information given by the Alexandrian and post-Alexandrian sources on the subject, and the archaeological evidence which, albeit in a sometimes-contradictory way, would show the characteristics of a major and large urban occupation of the territory with respect to the previous times. Proper cities (very rare and most of them out of the Iranian plateau!), urban layouts, settlements, fortifications, castles, regional walls etc. have always been tenaciously sought and identified (sometimes difficultly) on the ground! However, remains of urban occupation in clear and reliable archaeological contexts have very rarely been completely recognized in the Iranian plateau. One of the cases that we want to bring to the attention here is the one of Qalʽa-ye Sam, already identified in the middle of the last century, and approached by the activities of the Italian Archaeological Mission in Sistan (Iran) between 1959 and 1961 under the direction of Umberto Scerrato. The Italian archaeologist led some surveys and excavation tests on the site, which some foreign scholars called “Qalʽa”, an Arabic-Persian term meaning “fortification”. In this case, Qalʽa-ye Sam (the fortress, or the castle of Sam, whose name derives from the homonymous prince, ancestor of Rostam of the Sistanic cycle of the Šāhnāme in the Ferdousi saga) is the toponymic solution, often used locally, as it happens many times in other cases in the popular ancient toponomastics of Iran. In the general picture of the urbanization processes during the Parthian time in the Iranian Plateau and Central Asia, the author tries to outline a series of possible plans, forms and functional comparisons in the archaeological evidence, first with an overview of the most important settlements and cities of Hellenistic and Parthian times, known also thanks to the sources, and then by outlining other less known remains which have been documented only recently through the archeological data and topographical investigations.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Archaeology؛ Post-Achaemenid time؛ Sistan؛ Qal'a-ye Sam

مراجع
Bader, A., V. Gaibov and G. Koshelenko (1994) Materials for an Archaeological Map of the Merv Oasis: The Durnali Region, Bulletin of the Asia Institute, New Series, Vol. 8, The Archaeology and Art of Central Asia Studies From the Former Soviet Union , 117-128. Published By: Bulletin of the Asia Institute, a Non-Profit Corporation *Bader, A., Gaibov, V., Koshelenko, G. (1992) Materials for an archaeological Map of the Merv Oasis: Köne Kishman. Mesopotamia* 27, 225-250.** Bader, A., Gaibov, V., Koshelenko, G. (1993/94) The Northern Periphery of the Merv Oasis from the Achaemenid Period to the Mongol Conquest. Silk Road Art and Archaeology, Journal of the Institute of Silk Road Studies 3, 51-70 *Belenickij, A.M, I.B. Bentovič, O.G. (1973) Bol'šakov, Srednevekovyj gorod Srednej Azii, Leningrad.* *Bernard, P. (1976) Campagne de fouilles 1975 à Aï Khanoum (Afghanistan), Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres. Comptes rendus des séances de l’année, 287-322. Paris.* Bernard, P. (1978) Campagne de fouilles 1976-1977 à Aï Khanoum (Afghanistan), Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres. Comptes rendus des séances de l’année, 421-46 *Bernard, P. (1995) Le città fondate da Alessandro in Asia Centrale, Alessandro Magno. Storia e mito (Catalogo della mostra), 97-103. Roma.* *Callieri, P. (2007) L’archéologie du Fārs à l’époque hellénistique. Quatre leçons au Collège de France 8, 15, 22 et 29 Mars 2007, éd. De Boccard. Paris.* *de Planhol, X. (1992) s.v. Cities, Enciclopaedia Iranica, V, 603-07.* *D’iakonov, M.M. (1953) Arheologičeskie raboty v nižnem tečenii reki Kafirnigana (Kobadian) (1950-1951 gg), Materialy* i issledovaniia po arheologii SSSR, 37. Moskva-Leningrad, Gaibov, V.A. (2018a) K voprosu ob oboronitelnyh sooruženijah Margiany. Krepost Chilburdž, Problemy istorii, filologii, kultury, 3, 157-169. Gaibov, V.A. (2018b) Krepost Changly i ee okruga: evolyucija razvitija, Problemy istorii, filologii, kultury, 4, 197-215. Gaibov, V.A. (2019) Krepost i poseleni’e Durnali: evolyutcija razvitija, Problemy istorii, filologii, kultury, 3, 33-52.** Genito, B. (2012) Archaeological History of Iran: The Post-Achaemenid and Hellenistic Time (Archaeological Horizon in Fārs in Late Iron Age, or Iron Age III-IV). A Review-Article, Annali, Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale”, 72, 1-4, 177-209. Napoli. Genito, B. (2020a) Introduction, Genito, B. (ed.) Living in a Territory. Four Lectures from a Workshop Held in Naples, 16 May 2017, Palazzo Corigliano, Conferenze ISMEO 5. Il Novissimo Ramusio, 9-30. Roma. Genito, B. (2020b) Archaeology, Settlement and Territory in Central Asia and the Iranian Plateau, Genito, B. (ed.) Living in a Territory. Four Lectures from a Workshop Held in Naples, 16 May 2017, Palazzo Corigliano, Conferenze ISMEO 5. Il Novissimo Ramusio, 63-86. Roma. Genito, B. (ed.) (2021) Archaeological Excavations at Dāhāne-ye Ghōlaman (Sistan, Iran) (1959-1965, 1975-1976). Archive, Documentation of IsMEO, A Way Forward, Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale”, Dipartimento Asia, Africa e Mediterraneo, Series Maior, XVI. ISMEO - Associazione Internazionale di Studi sul Mediterraneo e L’Oriente Serie Orientale Roma n.s. 32. Orientalia Romana 3. Napoli-Roma. *Ghanimati, S. (2000) Perspectives on the Chronological and Functional Horizons of Kūh-e Khwāja in Sistan, Iran, Vol. 38, 137-150. London.* *Ghanimati, S. (2001) Kuh-e Khwāja: A Major Zoroastrian Temple Complex in Sistān, Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Studies in the Graduate Division* of the University of California, Berkeley Gros, P. (1992) Moenia: aspects défensifs et aspects représentatifs des fortifications, S. van de Maele, J. Fossey (eds.) Fortificationes antiquae, 211-25. Amsterdam. Gubaev, A., G. A. Košelenko (1970) Issledovanie parfjanskogo svjatilišča Mansur-depe i rannesrednevekovogo zamka Akdepe, Karakumskie Drevnosti, III, 89-104. Moskva. Gubaev, A., Koshelenko, G. and M. Tosi (eds.) (1998) The Archaeological Map of the Murghab Delta. Preliminary Reports 1990-95, Reports and Memoirs Series Minor, III. Rome. Gullini, G. (1964) Architettura Iranica dagli Achemenidi ai Sasanidi. Il «palazzo» di Kuh-i Khwaia (Seistan). Torino. Hakemi, A. (1990) The Excavations at Khurha, East & West, 40/1, 11-41. Rome Hansman, J. (1968) The Problems of Qumis, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britian and Ireland 3/4: 111-139. Hansman, J., Stronach, Bailey. H. (1970). Excavations of Shahr- i Qumis 1967, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britian and Ireland, 1, 29-62. Cambridge. Hansman, J., Stronach, D. (1970) A Sasanian Repository at Shahr- i Qumis, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britian and Ireland 2, 142-155. Cambridge. Hansman, J., Stronach, D. (1974) Excavations at Shahr- i Qumis, 1971, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britian and Ireland, 1, 8-22. Cambridge. Herrmann, G., Masson, V.M., Kurbansakhatov, K (1992) The International Merv Project, Preliminary Report on the First Season (1992), Iran, 31, 39-62. London. Herrmann, G., Kurbansakhatov, K (1993) The International Merv Project, Preliminary Report on the Second Season (1992), Iran, 32, 53-75. London. Herrmann, G., Kurbansakhatov, K (1999) The International Merv Project, Preliminary Report on the Seventh Season (1998), Iran, 37, 9-52. Herrmann, G., Kurbansakhatov, K (2000) The International Merv Project, Preliminary Report on the Ninth Year (2000), Iran, 39, 9-52. London. Hori, A., Ishida, K., Tsumura, M. (1997) Excavation at Dalverzin Tepe (South Uzbekistan) in 1996, Gaku-kai dō kō o Rie n to 4 (Ancient Orient Museum), 40-2, 138-145. Tokyo. Kawami T.S. (1987) Kuh-e Khwaja, Iran, and its Wall Paintings: The Records of Ernst Herzfeld, Metropolitan Museum Journal, 22, 13-52. New York Keall, E.J. (1982) Qal ῾eh-i Yazdigird: an Overview of the Monumental Architecture, Iran, 20, 51-72. London. Keall, E.J. (1986) Architecture II. Parthian, Enciclopaedia Iranica, 327-29. Kleiss, W. (1973) Qalʽeh Zohak in Azerbaidjan, Archäologische Mittelungen aus Iran, 6, 174-181. Berlin. Kleiss, W. (1981) Bemerkungen zur Säulenbau von Kurha, Archäologische Mittelungen aus Iran, 14, 65-67. Berlin. Kleiss, W. (1985) Die Säulenbau von Kurha, Archäologische Mittelungen aus Iran, 18, 173-179. Berlin. Koldewey, R. (1913) Das wieder erstehende Babylon. Leipzig. Košelenko, G., L.A. Lelekov (1972) Mansur-depe. Novyj pamyatnik parfyanskoj arkhitektury, Kul’turnoe nasledstvo, 20, 151-63. Koshelenko, G., A. Lapshin, S. Novikov (1989) Mansur-depe Excavations, Bulletin Asia Institute, n.s., 3, 45-52. Kryglikova, I.T. (1974) Dil’berdžin. Moskva.** Kruglikova I. (1977) Les fouilles de la mission archéologique soviéto-afghane sur le site gréco-kushan de Dilberdjin en Bactriane, Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, CRAI, 121, 2, 407-427. Paris. *Kryglikova, I.T., G. A. Pugačenkova (1977) Dil’berdžin, Моsкvа.* *Leriche, P. (1986) Les remparts d'Aï Khanoum et les monuments associés. Paris.* *Leriche, P. (2002) I Sistemi di difesa e delimitazione della Città, Encyclopaedia Treccani, Il Mondo dell'Archeologia. Roma.* *Invernizzi A. (1996a) Archaeological research in Old Nisa 1990-1994, La Persia e l’Asia Centrale da Alessandro al X secolo, Atti dei Convegni Lincei, 127, 237-249. Roma.* Invernizzi A., (1996b) Parthian Nisa. New Lines of Research, J. Wiesehöfer (ed.) Das Partherreich und seine Zeugnisse, Beiträge des internationalen Colloquiums - Eutin, (Historia Einzelschriften, 122), 45-59. Stuttgart. Invernizzi A. (1998) New Archaeological Research in Old Nisa, 1990-1991, V. Sarkhosh Curtis, R. Hillenbrand, J.M. Rogers (eds.) The Art and Archaeology of Ancient Persia. New Light on the Parthian and Sasanian Empire, 8-13. London-New York. *Invernizzi A., Koshelenko G.A. (1990) Soviet-Italian Excavations in Old Nisa (Season 1990), Mesopotamia, XXV, 47–50. Firenze.* *Lippolis C. (2003a) Novije Issledovanija Staroj Nisji, Kulturnye Ziennosti* 2000-2001, Ashabad. Lippolis C. (2003b) Nisa-Mithradatkert: the building to the north of the Round Hall. Preliminary Report of the 2000-2001 excavations campaign, Central Asia Cultural Values, vol. I, n. 2, June, 1-17. Litvinskij, B.A. (1983) Gorod v Srednej Azii i Severnoj Indii kušanskogo vremeni (paralleli), B.A. Litvinskij, A.V. Sedov (eds.) Tepai-Šach. Kul'tura i svjazi kušanskoj Baktrii, 117-37. Moskva. Litvinskij, B.A. (1994) Cities and Urban Life in the Kushan Kingdom, J. Harmatta (ed.) History of Civilizations of Central Asia, II, 291-312. Paris. Litvinsky, B.A. (ed.) (1996) History of Civilizations of Central Asia, III. The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. Paris. Mallwitz, A., E. Schmidt, F. Wetzel (1957) Das Babylon der Spätzeit (Wissenschaftliche Veroffentlichungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft, 62), Berlin. Mandel’štam, A.M., S.B. Pevzner (1958) Raboty Kafirniganskogo otriada v 1952-1953, Materialy i issledovaniia po arheologii SSSR, 66. Moskva-Leningrad.** Maresca, G. (2016) Echoes of Regional Traditions plus Western Typological Influences: Some Notes about the Post-Achaemenid Pottery Assemblage from the Italian Excavations at Qal‛a-ye Sam (Iran, Sistan), Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, ICAANE, Volume 2, Egypt and Ancient Near East - Perceptions of Alterity (ed.) Susanne Bickel, Ancient Near Eastern Traditions vs. Hellenization/Romanization (eds) Bruno Jacobs, Reconstructing Ancient Eco-Systems (ed.) Jean-Marie Le Tensorer, Islamic Session (ed.) Denis Genequand. 195-208. Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden. *Masson, M.E. (1949) Gorodišča Nisy v selenii Bagir i ih izučenie, Trudy Južno-Turkmenistankoe arheologičeskoj komplekskoj Ekspedicij,* vol. I, Ashabad. Messina, V. (2010) Seleucia al Tigri. Il monumento di Tell ‘Umar. Lo scavo e le fasi architettoniche, (Monografie di Mesopotamia, XIII) (Missione in Iraq, IV) Firenze, Le Lettere** Messina, V. (2012) Da Babilonia a Aï Khanoum. Teatri greci di età ellenistica e partica a est dell’Eufrate, Accademia delle Scienze, Torino, Memorie Sc. Mor. Archeologia, Epigrafia, Numismatica, 35-36. Torino. Mohammadkhani, K. Reza Mehrafarin (2021) The results of magnetometric survey in Sassanid site of Ram Shahrestan, Zahak, Sistan, communicatio read at the The Third International Conference on Archaeology of South-eastern Iran, University of Zabul, 13-15 December. Nerasik, E.E., Lapirov-Skoblo, M.C., Trudnovskaja, S.A., Vajnberg, B.I. (1981) Gorodišče Toprak kala (raskopki 1965-1975 gg.), Тrudy Хoresmkoj Аrcheologičeskoj-Etnograficeskoj Ekspedicij, t. 12. Moskva. *Pilipko, V.N. (1996) Staraja Nisa. Zdanie s kvadratnym zalom. Moskva.* *Pilipko, V.P. (2001) Staraja Nisa. Osnovnye itogi arheologičeskogo izučenija v sovetskij period. Moskva.* Potts, D. (2011) The politai and the bīt tämartu, The Seleucid and Parthian Theatres of the Greek Citizens in Babylon, Cancik-Kirschbaum, E., M. Van Ess, J. Marzahn, Babylon. Wissenskultur in Orient und Okzident (Topoi. Berlin Studies of the Ancient World, 1), 239-251. Berlin-Boston. *Pugliese Carratelli, G. (1966) Greek Inscriptions of the Middle East, East & West, 16, 34-53, fig. 6-10. Rome.* *Pugačenkova, G.A. (1949) Arhitekturnye pamjatniki Nisy, Južno-Turkmenistankoe arheologičeskoj komplekskoj Ekspedicij, vol. I, 201-259. Ashgabad.* Rustaei, M.S. (2021) A research on Parthian ceramics in the Sistan region of Iran, communication read at The Third International Conference on Archaeology of South-eastern Iran, University of Zabul, 13-15 December *Sabirov, K.S. (1958) Raskopki krepostnoj steny kušanskogo gorodišča Zar-tepe, Sovetskaja Arheologija, 1, 254-259. Moskva.* *Scerrato, U. (1970) La Missione Archeologica Italiana nel Sistan Persiano, Il Veltro. Rivista della civiltà italiana, 14, 123-140. Società Dante Alighieri. Roma.* *Schlumberger, D. (1963) The Excavations of Surkh Khotal and the Problem of Hellenism in Bactria and India, Proceedings of the British Academy, 47, XLVII, 77-95. London.* *Schlumberger, D. (1969) L'Orient hellénisé. Paris,* Ščetenko, A.Ja. (1974) Raskopki monumental'nogo architekturnogo kompleksa Zar-tepe, Drevnjaja Baktrija. Predvaritel'nye soobščenija ob archeologičeskih rabotah na juge Uzbekistana, 42-48. Leningrad. *Sherwin-White, S. and A. Kuhrt (1993) From Samarkhand to Sardis: A New Approach to the Seleucid Empire, London.* *Schippmann, K. (2011) s.v. Archaeology, Seleucid and Parthian, Enciclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 3, 297-301 Originally Published: December 15, 1986, Last Updated: August 11, available in print.* *Semenov, G.L. (1988) Struktura sogdijskogo goroda rannego srednevekov'ja, Instituta Material’noj Kul’tura Uzbekistana, 29, 96-108. Taškent.* *Semenov, G.L. (1989) Sogdijskij gorod v rannem srednevekov´e: formirovanie plana, Itogi archeologičeskih ekspedicii, 128-40. Leningrad.* Stronach, D. (2011) s.v. Archaeology, Median and Parthian, Enciclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 3, 288-296, Originally Published: December 15, 1986 Last Updated: August 11, 2011, available in print. *Tarn, W.W. (1966) Alexandria of the Caucasus and Kapisa, The Greeks in Bactria and India, 460-462, Cambridge University Press.* *Tate, G.P. (1910-1912) Seistan. A Memoir on the History, Topography, Ruins and People. Calcutta.* *Usmanova, Z.I. (1963) Erk Kala, Ašhabad.* *Vogelsang, W. (1981) Kandahar and Arachosia in the Early Achaemenid Period, thesis, Leiden.* *Williams, T., Kurbansakhatov, K (2002) The Ancient Merv Project, Turkmenistan. Preliminary Report on the First Season (2001), Iran, 40,15-42. London.* *Williams, T., Kurbansakhatov, K (2003) The Ancient Merv Project, Turkmenistan. Preliminary Report on the First Season (2002), Iran, 41, 139-172. London.* *Wulff, H.E. (1966) The Traditional Crafts of Persia, 102-71. Cambridge (Mass.).* *Zav'jalov, V.A. (1994) Zar Tepe: kušanskij gorod na juge Uzbekistana, Novye arheologičeskie otkrytija v Aziatskoj Rossii i Srednej Azii, 67-74. St. Petersburg.*
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 365 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 607

سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. قدرت گرفته از سیناوب

پیوندهای مفید

اخبار و اعلانات

آمار

Plan, Form and Function of a “Fortified” Site in the Iranian Sistan of Post-Achaemenid and possibly Parthian Period

**Sabirov, K.S. (1958) Raskopki krepostnoj steny kušanskogo gorodišča Zar-tepe, Sovetskaja Arheologija, 1, 254-259. Moskva.**

Ščetenko, A.Ja. (1974) Raskopki monumental'nogo architekturnogo kompleksa Zar-tepe, Drevnjaja Baktrija. Predvaritel'nye soobščenija ob archeologičeskih rabotah na juge Uzbekistana, 42-48. Leningrad.