
تعداد نشریات | 32 |
تعداد شمارهها | 739 |
تعداد مقالات | 7,159 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 11,704,552 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 8,033,151 |
Controlling the Plain. The Analysis of the Settlement Patterns of the Salmas Plain, Iran,from the Prehistoric to the Sasanian Periods. | ||
Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies | ||
دوره 13، شماره 2، 2023، صفحه 35-56 اصل مقاله (15.83 M) | ||
نوع مقاله: Research Article | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22111/ijas.2023.47626.1286 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
Roberto Dan* 1؛ Andrea Cesaretti2؛ Davide Salaris3 | ||
1Department of Humanities, Communication and Tourism, Tuscia University, Italy. | ||
2ISMEO - International Association for Mediterranean and Oriental Studies, Italy. | ||
3Department of History and Archaeology, Macquarie University Alumnus, Australia. | ||
چکیده | ||
This contribution aims to provide a detailed diachronic analysis of the settlement patterns in the Salmas plain, in north-western Iran. The chronological period taken into consideration goes from Prehistory to the Sasanian period, covering the entire pre-Islamic period. The work is based on a comprehensive re-evaluation of the archaeological data available to us, as well as new data produced using remote sensing. The contribution analyses the forms of interaction and control of the territory operated by the sites, in particular the fortified ones, and reconstructs for the periods for which the data are sufficient the management strategies of the plain using GIS software, as well as the analysis of the points of sight and intervisibility. The result is a highly complex and articulated situation where the settlement patterns have not always been the same over time although some forms of continuity can be noted. Due to its position and geographical characteristics, the Salmas plain is in all respects a place of great importance in the study of the archaeology of north-western Iran. It is no coincidence that key-sites such as Haftavan Tappeh or Qara Tappeh have had a long history spanning from Protohistory to the historical period. The aim of this contribution is therefore to be a first review and re-evaluation of the archaeological information of the Salmas plain and a recontextualisation of the sites in the pre-protohistoric and historical dynamics of the area examined using tools like G.I.S. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
Prehistory؛ Protohistory؛ Historical Period؛ Salmas Plain؛ Settlement Pattern | ||
مراجع | ||
Brughmans, T. & U. Brandes 2017. Visibility network patterns and methods for studying visual relational phenomena in archaeology, Frontiers in Digital Humanities: Digital Archaeology. 4: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdigh.2017.00017
Burney, C. 1970. Excavations at Haftavān Tepe 1968: First Preliminary Report, Iran. 8: 157-171. https://doi.org/10.2307/4299640
Burney, C. 1972. Excavations at Haftavān Tepe 1969: Second Preliminary Report, Iran. 10: 127-142. https://doi.org/10.2307/4300469
Burney, C. 1973. Excavations at Haftavān Tepe 1971: Third Preliminary Report, Iran. 11: 153-172. https://doi.org/10.2307/4300492
Burney, C. 1976a. The Fifth Season of Excavations at Haftavan Tappeh: Brief Summary of Principal Results, In Proceedings of the 4th Annual Symposium on Archaeological Research in Iran: 257-271.
Burney, C. 1976b. Haftavan Tepe and Early Settlement Patterns in North-West Iran, In Sieveking, G., de G., Longworth, I. H., Wilson, K. E. (eds.), Problems in Economic and Social Archaeology: 97-100. London.
Burney, C. 1976c. Survey of Excavations in Iran. Haftavan Tepe, Iran. 14, 157-158. https://doi.org/10.2307/4300554
Čučkovic, M. 2016. Advanced viewshed analysis: a Quantum GIS plug-in for the analysis of visual landscapes, Journal of Open Source Software. 1(4): 32. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.00032
Dan, R & A. Cesaretti. 2021a. Seeking refuge in mountain fortresses and temporary shelters: approaching militarisation processes in the Van, Sevan and Orumiyeh basins, Ancient West and East. 20: 1-19. https://doi.org/10.2143/AWE.20.0.3289526
Dan, R & A. Cesaretti. 2021b. Local Trajectories in the Achaemenid Empire. Some remarks on the Ardabîl Ware pottery tradition, ARTA 2021.002: 1-15.
Dan, R & A. Cesaretti. 2022a. The rise of militarization in the Van, Sevan and Orumiyeh basins: the increase in conflicts and the birth of military architecture from protohistory to the emergence of the state, Ancient West and East. 21: 1-35. https://doi.org/10.2143/AWE.21.0.3291136
Dan, R & A. Cesaretti. 2022b. A Reassessment of the Middle Bronze Age Cultures in the Lake Orūmīyeh Basin, Iran, Altorientalische Forschungen. 49(2): 265-282. https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2022-0018
Dan, R, A. Cesaretti, A.S. Bonfanti & B. Khanmohammadi. 2021. Some Thought on the Protohistoric Period in Dinkha Tepe, Iran, Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.22111/IJAS.2021.6666
Dan, R & D. Salaris. 2022. The Van Plain during the Urartian Period: A Spatial Analysis of Fortified Settlement Patterns, Anatolica. 48: 13-48. https://doi.org/10.2143/ANA.48.0.3291912
DeMers, M.N. 2000. Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems. 2nd Edition, New York.
de Planhol, X. 1989. Azerbaijan i. Geography, Encyclopaedia Iranica Online Edition http://iranica.com/articles/azerbaijan-i.
De Montis, A & S. Caschili. 2012. Nuraghes and landscape planning: coupling viewshed with complex network analysis, Landsc Urban Plan. 105: 315–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.01.005
Dewan, M.L & J. Famouri. 1968. Soils, in Fisher, W.B. (ed.), The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 1. The land of Iran, Cambridge: 250-263.https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521069359
Dyson, R.H. Jr. 1973. The Archaeological Evidence of the Second Millennium BC on the Persian Plateau, The Cambridge Ancient History: 699-700. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521082303.019
Edwards, M. 1981. The Pottery of Haftavan VIB (Urmia Ware), Iran. 19: 101-140. https://doi.org/10.2307/4299710
Edwards, M. 1983. Excavations in Azerbaijan (North-western Iran) 1. Haftavan, Period VI. Oxford.
Edwards, M. 1986. “Urmia Ware” and Its Distribution in North-Western Iran in the Second Millennium BC: A Review of the Results of Excavations and Surveys, Iran. 24: 57-77. https://doi.org/10.2307/4299765
Frame, G. 2021. The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, king of Assyria (721-705 BC), The Royal Inscriptions of Neo-Assyrian Period Vol2(= RINAP 2). University Park, Pennsylvania. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781646021499
Ganji, M.H. 1968. Climate, in Fisher, W.B. (ed.), The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 1. The land of Iran, Cambridge: 212-249. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521069359.002
Garcia-Moreno, R. 2013. To see or to be seen... is that the question? An evaluation of Palaeolithic sites’ visual presence and their role in social organization, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 32: 647-658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2013.03.003
Geravand, A. & F. Malekpour. 2021. Preliminary Report on Soundings at Tepe Ahranjan, in Shirazi, R. (ed.), [In Persian], Proceedings of the 18th Annual Symposium on Iranian Archaeology: 719-728 Tehran.
Hamlin, C. 1971. The Habur Ware Ceramic Assemblage of Northern Mesopotamia: An Analysis of Its Distribution. unpublished Ph.D. thesis. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
Hamlin, C. 1974. The Early Second Millennium Ceramic Assemblage of Dinkha Tepe, Iran. 12: 125-153. https://doi.org/10.2307/4300507
Hinz, W. 1965. Das sassanidische Felsrelief von Salmas, Iranica Antiqua. 5: 148-160.
Khanmohammadi, B, P. Vitolo & R. Dan. 2023. On the road to Mannea. The archaeological sites of Taštepe, Iran, Eurasiatica 20, 167-200. https://doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-694-7/006
Khanmohammadi, B, R. Dan & A. Garavand. 2020. A group of “giants houses” recently discovered in Salmas Region, Iran, AJNES/Aramazd. XIV/1-2: 80-96. https://doi.org/10.32028/ajnes.v14i1-2.975
Kargar, B. 1995. The Field Survey & Test Excavation at Ahrendjan & Qara Tepe of Salmas.Unpublished M.A. Thesis in Archaeology.Tehran: University of Tehran.
Kearton, R.R.B. 1969. Survey in Azerbaijan, Iran.7, 186-187.
Kearton, R.R.B. 1970. A Study of Settlement in the Salmas Valley, West Azerbaijan. Iran, Manuscript in the files of the Hasanlu Project.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
Kleiss, W. 1968. Urartäische Plätze in Iranisch-Azerbaidjan, Istanbuler Mitteilungen. 18: 1-44.
Kleiss, W. 1969. Bericht über zwei Erkundungsfahrten in Nordwest-Iran, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran. 2: 7-120.
Kleiss, W. 1974. Planaufnahmen urartäischer Burgen und neufunde urartäischer Anlagen in Iranisch-Azerbaidjan im Jahre 1973, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran. 7: 79-106.
Kleiss, W & S. Kroll. 1978. Urartäische Plätze: A. Architektur, B. Die Oberflächenfunde, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran. 11: 27-71.
Kleiss, W & S. Kroll. 1979. Vermessene urartäische Plätze in Iran (West-Azerbaidjan) und Neufunde (Stand der Forschung 1978), A. Architektur, B. Die Oberflächenfunde, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran. 12: 183-243.
Kroll, S. 1976. Keramik urartäischer Festungen in Iran, ein Beitrag zur Expansion Urartus in Iranisch-Azerbaidjan, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran Ergänzungsband 2, Berlin.
Kroll, S. 1994. Festungen und Siedlungen in Iranisch-Azarbaidjan. Untersuchungen zur Siedlungs- und Territorialgeschichte des Urmia-Sees-Gebiets in vorislamischer Zeit.Habilitationsschrift, LMU München 1994-95 (unpublished).
Lake, M.W & P.E. Woodman. 2003. Visibility studies in archaeology: a review and case study, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. 30: 689-707. https://doi.org/10.1068/b29122
Matthews, R & H. Fazeli Nashli. 2022. The Archaeology of Iran from the Palaeolithic to the Achaemenid Empire. Abingdon – New York. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003224129
Sagona, A.G. 1984. The Caucasian Region in the Early Bronze Age. Oxford.
Schippmann, K. 1967. Archäologische Untersuchungen in Aserbaidschan im Jahre 1964, Iranica Antiqua. 7: 77-81.
Schippmann, K. 1971. Die iranischen Feuerheiligtümer, Religionsgeschichtliche Versuche und Vorarbeiten,Vol. 31, Berlin – NewYork. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110828283
Shavarebi, E. 2014. A Reinterpretation of the Sasanian Relief at Salmās, Iran and the Caucasus. 18: 115-133. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573384X-20140203
Tala’i, H. 1983. Pottery Evidence from Ahrendjan Tepe, Archaeologisches Mitteilungen aus Iran. 16: 7-17.
Vanden Berghe, L. 1984, Reliefs rupestres de l’Iran ancien. Brussels.
Wheatley, D & M. Gillings. 2002. Spatial technology and archaeology. The archaeological applications of GIS, London. https://doi.org/10.1201/b12806 | ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 179 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 276 |