
تعداد نشریات | 32 |
تعداد شمارهها | 757 |
تعداد مقالات | 7,336 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 12,151,093 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 8,300,779 |
The Role of Mathematical Self-Efficacy in the Relationship Between Mathematical Resilience and Academic Achievement in Mathematics Among Humanities Students | ||
Iranian Journal of Applied Educational Research | ||
مقاله 1، دوره 1، شماره 1، تیر 2025، صفحه 1-9 اصل مقاله (445.46 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: Original Article | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22111/ijaer.2025.49213.1002 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
Amirhosein Zanganeh؛ Mansoure Haj Hosseini* ؛ Saeed Hosseini | ||
Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran | ||
چکیده | ||
mathematical resilience and academic achievement in mathematics among students in the humanities. The study employed a descriptive correlational design. A total of 282 eleventh and twelfth-grade students in the humanities (138 girls and 144 boys) from Tehran were selected using convenience sampling. Participants completed the Asher and Pajares Mathematical Self-Efficacy Scale, the Kooken et al. Mathematical Resilience Scale, and their mathematics academic achievement was assessed based on the average of their previous final grades. Structural equation modeling was used for data analysis. The results revealed that mathematical resilience and mathematical self-efficacy have a direct impact on the academic achievement in mathematics among students in the humanities. Furthermore, data analysis results indicated a significant relationship between mathematical resilience and academic achievement in mathematics among students in the humanities, mediated by mathematical self-efficacy. Therefore, mathematical resilience and mathematical self-efficacy play crucial roles in the academic advancement of students in the humanities, and incorporating these components into mathematics education can be effective in enhancing the academic achievement in mathematics among students in the humanities. | ||
مراجع | ||
Agtarap, Renan., & T.Miranda, A. (2022) The Mediating Effect of Students’ Resiliency on the Relationship of Self-Concept and Mathematics Performance. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 36 (2). http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2022/v36i2772
Aiken, L. (2010). Attitudes Toward Mathematics and Science in Iranian Middle Schools. School Science and Mathematics, (79), 229-234. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.1979.tb09490.x
Aiken, RL. (2000). Psychological testing and assessment. 10th Ed, Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Aremu, A., & Tella, A. (2009). The relationship between mathematics self-efficacy and achievement in mathematics. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 953-957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.169
Ariapooran, S., & Karimi, M. (2021). Mathematics Anxiety in Male High School Students in the Outbreak of COVID-19: The Role of Mathematics Motivated Strategies and Mathematical Resilience. Journal of Educational Research ,8 (42), 115-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/erj.8.42.115
Ashcraft, M. H (2002). Math anxiety consequences Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci 181–185
Ayodele, O. (2011). Self-concept and Performance of Secondary School Students in Mathematics. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, (1). https://doi.org/10.5539/jedp.v1n1p176
Babajani Gorji, L., Hejazi, M., Maroufi, Z., & Yousefi Afrashteh, M. (2019). The Mediating Role of Academic Self-Efficacy in the Relationship between Academic Resilience and Academic Engagement in Medical and Paramedical Students. Journal of Jandi Shapur Educational Development, 10(4), 294-305. https://sid.ir/paper/360540/fa
Betz, N. E., & Hackett, G. (1983). The Relationship of Mathematics Self-Efficacy Expectations to the Selection of Science-Based College Majors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, (23), 329-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(83)90046-5
Bron, J. (2022). Relationship Between Mathematics PST' Self-Efficacy and Anxiety: Investigating the Mediating Role of Mathematical Resilience. Psych Educ, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7071771
Chang, Y. L. (2012). A Study of Fifth Graders' Mathematics Self-Efficacy and Mathematical Achievement. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 21, 519-525. https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=4513
Chou, C. P., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Estimates and Tests in Structural Equation Modeling. In Rick H.
Farahani, M. N., & Karami, H. (2002). Examining the Relationship between Self-Efficacy and Attitude and Academic Performance in Mathematics in Third Grade Middle School Students in Tehran. Al-Zahra Human Sciences, 12(42), 105-124. https://sid.ir/paper/13888/fa
Fardaei Benam, K., & Farzad, V. (2012). Structural Validity of the ICON Science Attitude Scale. Journal of Applied Psychology, 6(2), 84-69. https://www.sid.ir/paper/151693/fa
Greene, B., Miller, R., Crowson, H., Duke, B., & Akey, K. (2004). Predicting high school students' cognitive engagement and achievement: Contributions of classroom perceptions and motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 29, 462-482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2004.01.006
Greenlee, L., Barth, J., Guadagno, R., Smith, G., & McCallum, D. (2012). The Role of Social Support in Students' Perceived Abilities and Attitudes Toward Math and Science. Journal of youth and adolescence, 42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9801-8
Gürefe, N., & Akçakin, V. (2018). The Turkish Adaptation of the Mathematical Resilience Scale: Validity and Reliability Study. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(4), 38-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i4.2992
Hatcher, L. (1994). A step-by-step approach to using the SAS® system for factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Cary, NC: SAS Institute
Hejazi,E., & Naghsh, Z. (2007). The Relationship between Mathematical Self-Efficacy, Perceived Usefulness of Mathematics, and Self-Regulation Strategies with Mathematics Achievement in Students: A Gender Comparison. Women's Studies Research Journal, 1(2), 84-102. https://sid.ir/paper/133268/fa
John, A., McKenna, J., & Dominey. (2014). Degrees of resilience: Profiling psychological resilience and prospective academic achievement in university inductees. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 42. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2013.793784
Johnston-Wilder, S., & Lee, C. (2010). Developing Mathematical Resilience. BERA Annual Conference 2010, University of Warwick, 1-4 September 2010. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1447560
Johnston-Wilder, S., & Lee, C. (Eds.). (2024). The Mathematical Resilience Book: How Everyone Can Progress in Mathematics (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003334354
Kheir, M., Chahri, M. H., & Bahrani, M. (2012). The Relationship between Mathematical Self-Efficacy Biases and Motivation, Emotions, and Academic Performance in Middle School Students in Shiraz. Educational Psychology (Psychology and Educational Sciences), 8(24), 143-166. https://sid.ir/paper/471509/fa
Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. New York: The Guilford Press.
Kline, R.B. (2011) Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. Guilford Press, New Kooken, Janice; Welsh, Megan E.; Mccoach, D. Betsy; Johnson-Wilder, Sue and Lee, Clare (2013). Measuring mathematical resilience: an application of the construct of resilience to the study of mathematics. In: American Educational Research Association (AERA) 2013 Annual Meeting: Education and Poverty: Theory, Research, Policy and PraxisYork. http://www.aera.net/EventsMeetings/PreviousAnnualMeetings/2013AnnualMeeting/tabid/14923/Default.aspx
Kooken, J, Welsh, M., McCoach, D. B., Johnston-Wilder, S., & Lee, C. (2015). Development and Validation of the Mathematical Resilience Scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175615596782
Kung, H. Y., & Lee, C.-Y. (2016). Multidimensionality of parental involvement and children's mathematics achievement in Taiwan: Mediating effect of math self-efficacy. Learning and Individual Differences, 47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.02.004
Kung, H.-Y. (2009). Perception or Confidence? Self-Concept, Self-Efficacy and Achievement in Mathematics: A Longitudinal Study. Policy Futures in Education, 7, 387. https://doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2009.7.4.387
Lee, C., & Johnston-Wilder, S. (2017). The Construct of Mathematical Resilience. In U. Xolocotzin Eligio (Ed.), Understanding Emotions in Mathematical Thinking and Learning (pp. 269-291). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802218-4.00010-8
Madadpour, P., Mohammadi Far, M. A., & Mohammad Rezaei, A. (2016). The Role of Epistemic Beliefs, Motivational Beliefs, and Mathematical Self-Efficacy in Predicting Mathematical Achievement. Journal of School and Educational Psychology, 5(1), 81-100. https://jsp.uma.ac.ir/article_420.html
Mansfield, C., Beltman, S., Broadley, T., & Weatherby-Fell, N. (2016). Building resilience in teacher education: An evidenced informed framework. Teaching and Teacher Education, 54, 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2015.11.016
McAllister CJ. (2005). Developing preservice teachers' procedural and conceptual understanding of fractional number concepts. Dissertation submitted for University of Missouri-Saint Loui.
McFadden KS. (2001). An investigation of attitudes, anxiety, and achievement of college algebra students using brain-compatible teaching techniques. ETD Collection for Tennessee State University.
Morales, H., & DiNapoli, J. (2018). Latinx Bilingual Students’ Perseverance on a Mathematical Task: A Rehumanizing Perspective. Journal of Research in Mathematics Education, 7(3):226. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/redimat.2018.3274
Nguyen, D., M. & Hsieh, Y., J. & Allen, J., D. (2006). The Impact of web-based assessment and practice on students' mathematics learning attitudes. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching, 25(3): 251-279. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=964582
Pajares, F., & Miller, M. D. (1997). Mathematics self-efficacy and mathematical problem solving: Implications of using different forms of assessment. Journal of Experimental Education, 65(3), 213–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.1997.9943455
Schweinle, A., & Mims, G. (2009). Mathematics self-efficacy: Stereotype threat versus resilience. Social Psychology of Education, 12, 501-514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-009-9094-2
Soltani Nejad, M., & Mahmoudi, K. (2018). The Mediating Role of Task Value in the Relationship between Self-Efficacy and Attitude toward Mathematics. Journal of Educational Systems, 12(40), 91-105. https://doi.org/10.22034/jiera.2018.64743
Suhr, D. D. (2006). Exploratory or Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Cary, CN: SAS Institute Inc.
Suinn, R. M., & Edwards, R. (1982). The measurement of mathematics anxiety: the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale for Adolescents--MARS-A. J Clin Psychol, 38(3), 576-580. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1002/1097-4679(198207)38:3%3C576::AID-JCLP2270380317%3E3.0.CO;2-V
Taghizadeh, H., Abdolkhdaei, M. S., & Karshki, H. (2014). The Role of Cognitive Styles, Achievement Goals, and Mathematical Self-Efficacy in the Mathematical Achievement of High School Students in Mashhad Public Schools. Journal of Educational and Online Learning, 2(6), 41-58. https://sid.ir/paper/262945/fa
Usán Supervía, P., Salavera Bordás, C., & Quílez Robres, A. (2022). The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem in the Relationship Between Resilience and Satisfaction with Life in Adolescent Students. Psychology research and behavior management, 15, 1121–1129. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S361206
Usher, E. L. & Pajares, F. (2009). Sources of self-efficacy in mathematics: A validation study. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 34, 89-101. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2008.09.002
Usher, E. L. (2009). Source of middle school students‟ self-efficacy in mathematics: A qualitative investigation. American Educational Research Journal, 46(1), 275-314. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.3102/0002831208324517
Vergara, C.R. (2021) Mathematics Resilience and Achievement Goals: Exploring the Role of Non-Cognitive Factors to Mathematics Performance of University Students amidst of Pandemic. Open Access Library Journal, 8, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1108166
Yeager, D., & Dweck, C. (2012). Mindsets That Promote Resilience: When Students Believe That Personal Characteristics Can Be Developed. Educational Psychologist, 47, 302-314. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2012.722805
Yushau B. (2006). The effects of blended e-learning on mathematics and computer attitudes in pre-calculus algebra. The Montana Mathematics Enthusiast, 3(2), 176-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.54870/1551-3440.1048
Agtarap, Renan., & T.Miranda, A. (2022) The Mediating Effect of Students’ Resiliency on the Relationship of Self-Concept and Mathematics Performance. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 36 (2). http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2022/v36i2772
Aiken, L. (2010). Attitudes Toward Mathematics and Science in Iranian Middle Schools. School Science and Mathematics, (79), 229-234. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.1979.tb09490.x
Aiken, RL. (2000). Psychological testing and assessment. 10th Ed, Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Aremu, A., & Tella, A. (2009). The relationship between mathematics self-efficacy and achievement in mathematics. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 953-957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.169
Ariapooran, S., & Karimi, M. (2021). Mathematics Anxiety in Male High School Students in the Outbreak of COVID-19: The Role of Mathematics Motivated Strategies and Mathematical Resilience. Journal of Educational Research ,8 (42), 115-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/erj.8.42.115
Ashcraft, M. H (2002). Math anxiety consequences Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci 181–185
Ayodele, O. (2011). Self-concept and Performance of Secondary School Students in Mathematics. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, (1). https://doi.org/10.5539/jedp.v1n1p176
Babajani Gorji, L., Hejazi, M., Maroufi, Z., & Yousefi Afrashteh, M. (2019). The Mediating Role of Academic Self-Efficacy in the Relationship between Academic Resilience and Academic Engagement in Medical and Paramedical Students. Journal of Jandi Shapur Educational Development, 10(4), 294-305. https://sid.ir/paper/360540/fa
Betz, N. E., & Hackett, G. (1983). The Relationship of Mathematics Self-Efficacy Expectations to the Selection of Science-Based College Majors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, (23), 329-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(83)90046-5
Bron, J. (2022). Relationship Between Mathematics PST' Self-Efficacy and Anxiety: Investigating the Mediating Role of Mathematical Resilience. Psych Educ, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7071771
Chang, Y. L. (2012). A Study of Fifth Graders' Mathematics Self-Efficacy and Mathematical Achievement. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 21, 519-525. https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=4513
Chou, C. P., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Estimates and Tests in Structural Equation Modeling. In Rick H.
Farahani, M. N., & Karami, H. (2002). Examining the Relationship between Self-Efficacy and Attitude and Academic Performance in Mathematics in Third Grade Middle School Students in Tehran. Al-Zahra Human Sciences, 12(42), 105-124. https://sid.ir/paper/13888/fa
Fardaei Benam, K., & Farzad, V. (2012). Structural Validity of the ICON Science Attitude Scale. Journal of Applied Psychology, 6(2), 84-69. https://www.sid.ir/paper/151693/fa
Greene, B., Miller, R., Crowson, H., Duke, B., & Akey, K. (2004). Predicting high school students' cognitive engagement and achievement: Contributions of classroom perceptions and motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 29, 462-482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2004.01.006
Greenlee, L., Barth, J., Guadagno, R., Smith, G., & McCallum, D. (2012). The Role of Social Support in Students' Perceived Abilities and Attitudes Toward Math and Science. Journal of youth and adolescence, 42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9801-8
Gürefe, N., & Akçakin, V. (2018). The Turkish Adaptation of the Mathematical Resilience Scale: Validity and Reliability Study. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(4), 38-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i4.2992
Hatcher, L. (1994). A step-by-step approach to using the SAS® system for factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Cary, NC: SAS Institute
Hejazi,E., & Naghsh, Z. (2007). The Relationship between Mathematical Self-Efficacy, Perceived Usefulness of Mathematics, and Self-Regulation Strategies with Mathematics Achievement in Students: A Gender Comparison. Women's Studies Research Journal, 1(2), 84-102. https://sid.ir/paper/133268/fa
John, A., McKenna, J., & Dominey. (2014). Degrees of resilience: Profiling psychological resilience and prospective academic achievement in university inductees. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 42. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2013.793784
Johnston-Wilder, S., & Lee, C. (2010). Developing Mathematical Resilience. BERA Annual Conference 2010, University of Warwick, 1-4 September 2010. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1447560
Johnston-Wilder, S., & Lee, C. (Eds.). (2024). The Mathematical Resilience Book: How Everyone Can Progress in Mathematics (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003334354
Kheir, M., Chahri, M. H., & Bahrani, M. (2012). The Relationship between Mathematical Self-Efficacy Biases and Motivation, Emotions, and Academic Performance in Middle School Students in Shiraz. Educational Psychology (Psychology and Educational Sciences), 8(24), 143-166. https://sid.ir/paper/471509/fa
Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. New York: The Guilford Press.
Kline, R.B. (2011) Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. Guilford Press, New Kooken, Janice; Welsh, Megan E.; Mccoach, D. Betsy; Johnson-Wilder, Sue and Lee, Clare (2013). Measuring mathematical resilience: an application of the construct of resilience to the study of mathematics. In: American Educational Research Association (AERA) 2013 Annual Meeting: Education and Poverty: Theory, Research, Policy and PraxisYork. http://www.aera.net/EventsMeetings/PreviousAnnualMeetings/2013AnnualMeeting/tabid/14923/Default.aspx
Kooken, J, Welsh, M., McCoach, D. B., Johnston-Wilder, S., & Lee, C. (2015). Development and Validation of the Mathematical Resilience Scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175615596782
Kung, H. Y., & Lee, C.-Y. (2016). Multidimensionality of parental involvement and children's mathematics achievement in Taiwan: Mediating effect of math self-efficacy. Learning and Individual Differences, 47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.02.004
Kung, H.-Y. (2009). Perception or Confidence? Self-Concept, Self-Efficacy and Achievement in Mathematics: A Longitudinal Study. Policy Futures in Education, 7, 387. https://doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2009.7.4.387
Lee, C., & Johnston-Wilder, S. (2017). The Construct of Mathematical Resilience. In U. Xolocotzin Eligio (Ed.), Understanding Emotions in Mathematical Thinking and Learning (pp. 269-291). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802218-4.00010-8
Madadpour, P., Mohammadi Far, M. A., & Mohammad Rezaei, A. (2016). The Role of Epistemic Beliefs, Motivational Beliefs, and Mathematical Self-Efficacy in Predicting Mathematical Achievement. Journal of School and Educational Psychology, 5(1), 81-100. https://jsp.uma.ac.ir/article_420.html
Mansfield, C., Beltman, S., Broadley, T., & Weatherby-Fell, N. (2016). Building resilience in teacher education: An evidenced informed framework. Teaching and Teacher Education, 54, 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2015.11.016
McAllister CJ. (2005). Developing preservice teachers' procedural and conceptual understanding of fractional number concepts. Dissertation submitted for University of Missouri-Saint Loui.
McFadden KS. (2001). An investigation of attitudes, anxiety, and achievement of college algebra students using brain-compatible teaching techniques. ETD Collection for Tennessee State University.
Morales, H., & DiNapoli, J. (2018). Latinx Bilingual Students’ Perseverance on a Mathematical Task: A Rehumanizing Perspective. Journal of Research in Mathematics Education, 7(3):226. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/redimat.2018.3274
Nguyen, D., M. & Hsieh, Y., J. & Allen, J., D. (2006). The Impact of web-based assessment and practice on students' mathematics learning attitudes. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching, 25(3): 251-279. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=964582
Pajares, F., & Miller, M. D. (1997). Mathematics self-efficacy and mathematical problem solving: Implications of using different forms of assessment. Journal of Experimental Education, 65(3), 213–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.1997.9943455
Schweinle, A., & Mims, G. (2009). Mathematics self-efficacy: Stereotype threat versus resilience. Social Psychology of Education, 12, 501-514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-009-9094-2
Soltani Nejad, M., & Mahmoudi, K. (2018). The Mediating Role of Task Value in the Relationship between Self-Efficacy and Attitude toward Mathematics. Journal of Educational Systems, 12(40), 91-105. https://doi.org/10.22034/jiera.2018.64743
Suhr, D. D. (2006). Exploratory or Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Cary, CN: SAS Institute Inc.
Suinn, R. M., & Edwards, R. (1982). The measurement of mathematics anxiety: the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale for Adolescents--MARS-A. J Clin Psychol, 38(3), 576-580. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1002/1097-4679(198207)38:3%3C576::AID-JCLP2270380317%3E3.0.CO;2-V
Taghizadeh, H., Abdolkhdaei, M. S., & Karshki, H. (2014). The Role of Cognitive Styles, Achievement Goals, and Mathematical Self-Efficacy in the Mathematical Achievement of High School Students in Mashhad Public Schools. Journal of Educational and Online Learning, 2(6), 41-58. https://sid.ir/paper/262945/fa
Usán Supervía, P., Salavera Bordás, C., & Quílez Robres, A. (2022). The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem in the Relationship Between Resilience and Satisfaction with Life in Adolescent Students. Psychology research and behavior management, 15, 1121–1129. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S361206
Usher, E. L. & Pajares, F. (2009). Sources of self-efficacy in mathematics: A validation study. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 34, 89-101. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2008.09.002
Usher, E. L. (2009). Source of middle school students‟ self-efficacy in mathematics: A qualitative investigation. American Educational Research Journal, 46(1), 275-314. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.3102/0002831208324517
Vergara, C.R. (2021) Mathematics Resilience and Achievement Goals: Exploring the Role of Non-Cognitive Factors to Mathematics Performance of University Students amidst of Pandemic. Open Access Library Journal, 8, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1108166
Yeager, D., & Dweck, C. (2012). Mindsets That Promote Resilience: When Students Believe That Personal Characteristics Can Be Developed. Educational Psychologist, 47, 302-314. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2012.722805
Yushau B. (2006). The effects of blended e-learning on mathematics and computer attitudes in pre-calculus algebra. The Montana Mathematics Enthusiast, 3(2), 176-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.54870/1551-3440.1048
| ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 14 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 16 |