تعداد نشریات | 29 |
تعداد شمارهها | 643 |
تعداد مقالات | 6,317 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 9,873,503 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 6,468,618 |
The Effect of Regulatory Focus Orientations on Iranian EFL learners’ Speaking Fluency and Willingness to Communicate | ||
Iranian Journal of Applied Language Studies | ||
دوره 15، شماره 1، تیر 2023، صفحه 191-208 اصل مقاله (371.99 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: Research Paper | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22111/ijals.2023.46895.2388 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
Abdullah Sarani* ؛ Masoud Kord | ||
English Language Department, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran | ||
چکیده | ||
The Regulatory Focus Theory, a classic self-regulatory approach, posits that human behavior is significantly influenced by salient standards and reference points that are either situation-dependent or chronically accessible in a person's mind. This study examined the impact of regulatory focus orientations, namely prevention and promotion, on the willingness of Iranian EFL learners to communicate in an English class. We selected 48 upper-intermediate-level students via the Oxford Placement test. These students were divided into three groups: promotion-focused, prevention-focused, and control. The promotion-focused group was encouraged through positive reinforcement of their success and accomplishments when using correct linguistic features during class. Conversely, the prevention-focused group was immediately corrected when a linguistic error occurred to avoid further mistakes, and no praise was given for correct language use. The control group received no intervention. Results derived from a one-way ANOVA demonstrated a significant relationship between the regulatory focus orientation and students' willingness to communicate. EFL learners exposed to promotion techniques demonstrated a higher willingness to communicate. The paper concludes with a discussion on the theoretical implications and pedagogical applications of the study. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
Iranian EFL learners؛ regulatory focus orientations؛ speaking fluency؛ willingness to communicate؛ promotion-focused؛ prevention-focused | ||
مراجع | ||
Allwright, D., & Hanks, J. (2009). The developing learner: An introduction to exploratory practice. Basingstoke, UK.
Baghaei, P., Dourakhshan, A., & Salavati, O. (2012). The relationship between willingness to communicate and success in learning English as a foreign language. MJAL, 4(2), 53–67.
Baas, M. M., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Nijstad, B. A. (2008). A meta-analysis of 25 years of mood-creativity research: Hedonic tone, activation, or regulatory focus?. Psychological Bulletin, 134(6), 779–806. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012815
Bernales, C. (2016). Towards a comprehensive concept of willingness to communicate: Learners’ predicted and self-reported participation in the foreign language classroom. System, 56(12), 35-52. Brockner, J., & Higgins, E. T. (2001). Regulatory focus theory: Implications for the study of emotions at work. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86(1), 35–66. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.2001.2972
Cao, Y. (2011). Interactional context and willingness to communicate: A comparison of behavior in whole class, group and dyadic interaction. System, 34, 480-493.
Clement, R., Baker, S. C., & MacIntyre, P. (2003). Willingness to communicate in a second language the effects of context, norms, and vitality. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 22(2), 190-209.
Clements, D. H., & Sarama, J. (2003). Strip mining for gold; research and policy in educational technology-a response to fool’s gold. Educational Technology Review, 11(1), 7-69.
Crowe, E., & Higgins, E. T. (1997). Regulatory focus and strategic inclinations: Promotion and prevention in decision-making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 69(2), 117–132.
Davoudian, P., Hashemian, M., & Alipour, J. (2021). Impact of regulatory focus orientations on Iranian intermediate EFL learners’ fluency and accuracy in an L2 oral task performance. Journal of teaching English Language and Literature Society of Iran, 15(1), 1-28.
Dornyei, Z. (2003). Attitudes, Orientations, and Motivations in Language Learning: Advances in Theory, Research, and Applications. Language Learning, 53(S1), 3–32
Ellis, R. (2005). Principles of instructed language learning. Science Direct, 33, 209 – 224
Fallah, N. (2014). Willingness to communicate in English, communication self-confidence, motivation, shyness and teacher immediacy among Iranian English-major undergraduates: A structural equation modeling approach. Learning and Individual Differences, 30, 140–147. Gorman, C. A., Meriac, J. P., Overstreet, B. L., Apodaca, S., McIntyre, A. L., Park, P., & Godbey, J. N. (2012). A meta-analysis of the regulatory focus nomological network: Work-related antecedents and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(1), 160–172.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.07.005
Han, Y., & McDonough, K. (2018). Korean L2 speakers’ regulatory focus and oral task performance. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 56 (2), 181-203.
Harmer, J. (2015). The practice of English language teaching (5th ed.). Pearson Longman
Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319-340.
Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52(12), 1280–1300. https://doi.org/10. 1037/0003-066X.52.12.1280.
Higgins, E. T. (1998). Promotion and prevention: Regulatory focus as a motivational principle. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 30, pp. 1-46). Academic Press.
Higgins, E. T. (2000). Making a good decision: Value from fit. American Psychologist, 55(11), 1217–1230
Higgins, E. T., Friedman, R. S., Harlow, R. E., Idson, L. C., Ayduk, O. N., & Taylor, A. (2001). Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success: Promotion pride versus prevention pride. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(1), 3–23.
Higgins, S. (2014). Does ICT Improve Learning and Teaching in Schools?. Creative Education, 6(18).
Hodis, G. M., & Hodis, F. A. (2021). Examining motivation predictors of key communication constructs: An investigation of regulatory focus, need satisfaction, and need frustration. Personality and Individual Differences, 180(2), 45-66.
Horwitz, E. K. (1986). Language anxiety and achievement. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21, 112–126.
Hughes, R. (2011). Teaching and researching speaking. Longman.
Hüseyin, Ö, Demirezen, M., & Pourfeiz, J. (2015). Willingness to communicate of EFL learners in Turkish context. Learning and Individual Differences, 37, 269–275.
Kang, S. J. (2005). Dynamic emergence of situational willingness to communicate in a second language. System, 33(2), 277-292.
Keller, J. (2008). On the development of regulatory focus: The role of parenting styles. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 354–364.
Khany, R., & Mansouri Nejad, A. (2016). L2 willingness to communicate, openness to experience, extraversion, and L2 unwillingness to communicate: The Iranian EFL context. RELC Journal, 48(2), 33-54.
Kopenen, M., & Riggenbach, H. (2000). Overview: Varying perspectives on fluency. In H. Riggenbach (Eds.). Perspectives on fluency (pp. 5-24). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
Lennon, P. (2000). The lexical element in spoken second language fluency. In H. Riggenbach (Eds.), Perspectives on fluency (pp. 25-42). The University of Michigan Press.
Leong, L. M., & Ahmadi, S. M. (2017). An analysis of factors influencing learners’ English speaking skill. International Journal of Research in English Education (IJREE), 2(1), 34-41.
Li, Y. (2016). The role of promotion and prevention orientations in secondary school students’ motivation to study. A qualitative study. A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education Victoria University of Wellington
MacIntyre, P. D. (1994). Variables underlying willingness to communicate: A causal analysis. Communication Research Reports, 11(2), 135–142.
MacIntyre, P. D. (2007). Willingness to communicate in the second language: Understanding the decision to speak as a volitional process. The Modern. Language Journal, 91, 564–576.
MacIntyre, P. D., Clément, R., Dörnyei, Z., & Noels, K.A. (1998). Conceptualizing willingness to communicate in a L2: A situated model of confidence and affiliation. Modern Language Journal, 82, 545–562.
MacIntyre, P. D., Babin, P.A., & Clément, R. (1999). Willingness to communicate: Antecedents and consequences. Communication Quarterly, 47(2), 215–229.
MacIntyre, P. D., Baker, S. C., Clément, R., & Conrod, S. (2001). Willingness to communicate, social support, and language-learning orientations of immersion students. Studies in second language acquisition, 23(3), 369-388.
Maclntyre, P. D., Baker, S. C., Clement, R., & Donovan, L. A. (2003). Talking in order to learn: Willingness to communicate and intensive language programs. Canadian Modern Language Review/ La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes, 59(4), 589-607
MacIntyre, P. D., & Charos, C. (1996). Personality, attitudes, and affect as predictors of second language communication. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 15, 3–26.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Legatto, J. J. (2011). A dynamic system approach to willingness to communicate: Developing an idiodynamic method to capture rapidly changing affect. Applied Linguistics, 32(2), 149-171.
McCroskey, J. C., & Baer, J. E. (1985). Willingness to communicate: The construct and its measurement. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the Speech Communication Association, Denver, Colorado.
McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1987). Willingness to communicate and interpersonal communication. In J. C. McCroskey, & J. A. Daly (Eds.), Personality and Interpersonal Communication (pp. 129–156). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Molden, D. C., & Miele, D. B. (2008). The origins and influences of promotion-focused and prevention-focused achievement motivations. In M. Maehr, S. Karabenick, T. Urdan, Advances in Motivation and Achievement: Social Psychological Perspectives (pp.81-118).
Murphy, R. J., Gray, S. A., Straja, S. R., & Bogert, M. C. (2004). Student learning preferences and teaching implications. J Dental Educ, 68, 859– 866.
Papi, M., & Khajavy, Gh. H. (2021). Motivational mechanisms underlying second language achievement: A regulatory focus perspective. Language Learning, 71(2), 44-58.
Parupalli, S. R. (2019). The importance of speaking skills in English classrooms. Alford Council of International English & Literature Journal, 2(2), 6-28
Prasetyan, B. T., Wibawani, D. A., Wardani, E. N., Drajati, N. A. (2019). Teacher’s reinforcements affecting students’ willingness to communicate (WTC): A photovoice in EFL classroom. Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics, 4(1), 57-71
Richards, J. C. (2006). Communicative language teaching today. Cambridge University Press
Sassenberg, K., & Hamstra, M. R. W. (2017). The intrapersonal and interpersonal dynamics of self-regulation in the leadership process. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 1(55), 38-57. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.08.001
Sassenberg, K., Jonas, K. J., Shah, J. Y., & Brazy, P. C. (2007). Why some groups just feel better: The regulatory fit of group power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(2), 249–267. https://doi.org/10.1037/ 0022-3514.92.2.249
Sassenberg, K., & Vliek, M. L. W. (2019). Self-regulation strategies and regulatory fit. In K. Sassenberg & M. L. W. Vliek (Eds.), Social psychology in action (pp. 51–61). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3- 030-13788-5_4
Schokker, M. C., Keers, J. C., Bouma, J., Links, T. P., Sanderman, R., R, H., & Hagedoorn, M. (2010). The impact of social comparison information on motivation in patients with diabetes as a function of regulatory focus and self-efficacy. Health Psychology, 29(4), 438– 445.
Scholer, A. A., Zou, X., Fujita, K., Stroessner, S. J., & Higgins, E. T. (2010). When risk seeking becomes a motivational necessity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 215. Slimani, S. (2018). The impact of the willingness to communicate on EFL learners’ speaking performance inside the classroom: The case of third year LMD students of English at Guelma University. http://dspace.univ-guelma.dz/jspui/handle/123456789/2525
Thonbury, S. (2000). How to teach speaking. Longman
Thornbury, S. (2005). How to teach speaking. Longman
Ur, P. (1996). A course in language teaching. Practice and theory. Cambridge University Press.
Xie, Q. M. (2011). Willingness to communicate in English among secondary school students in the rural Chinese English as a foreign language (EFL) classroom. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. AUT University, New Zealand.
Zarrinabadi, N. (2014). Facilitating willingness to communicate in the second language classroom and beyond. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 87(5), 213–217.
Zarinabadi, N., & Saberi, E. (2021). The effects of reference of comparison (self-referential vs. normative) and regulatory focus (promotion vs. prevention) feedback on EFL learners’ willingness to communicate. Language Teaching Research, 1-21. | ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 49 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 47 |